Bab 4 Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat (Kerja Kumpulan)

Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat

Konsep dan Definisi

Definisi : pencarian ilmu pengetahuan untuk peribadi atau professional yang dilakukan sepanjang masa ,sukarela dan atas motivasi kendiri.

Konsep:

• v  Home schooling yang berkonsep tidak formal dan tidak dijalankan dirumah.
• v  Pendidikan dewasa yang berkonsep formal untuk mendapatkan kemahiran dan sijil yang diperlukan untuk memulakan kerjaya.
• v  Pendidikan lanjutan yang berkinsep formal dan dijalankan di institusi  pengajian tinggi.
• v  Latihan dalam perkhidmatan (job training)yang berkonsep formal atau tidak formal untuk meningkatkan professionalism dan kemahiran melalui bengkel atau kursus yang dianjurkan oleh organisasi.
• v  Pembelajaran maya yang berkonsep formal dan  tidak formal berasaskan pembelajaran kendiri menggunakan alat multimedia dan sumber dalam talian.

literasi maklumat dan pembelajaran sepanjang hayat.

• v  Bersifat mendorong kendiri dan terarah kendiri.
• v  Berpotensi membangunkan kuasa-kendiri
• v  Bersifat benar kendiri

Kaedah memperolehi dan aplikasi.

• v  0-5 tahun: Pembelajaran menggunakan deria-deria yang mengaktifkan sel-sel otak dengan bimbingan ibubapa sehingga ke pra sekolah.
• v  6-24 tahun :Pembelajaran formal di peringkat sekolah rendah, menengah dan  pengajian tinggi. Bertujuan untuk membangunkan empat fakulti, iaitu fizikal, mental, emosi dan intelektual.dah memperolehi dan Aplikasi
• v  25-60 tahun: Pembelajaran tidak fomal melalui media instructional di tempat kerja, dari rakan sekerja, media massa, teknologi maklumat, persekitaran dan alam sekitar.
• v  60 tahun ke atas:  Pembelajaran melalui aktiviti yang bersesuaian dengan tahap umur, seperti kHome schooling - pembelajaran tidak formal di rumah.
• v  Surrounding schooling - pembelajaran tidak formal di luar rumah.
• v  Pembelajaran formal - mendapat sijil, kelayakan dan kemahiran.
• v  Pembelajaran maya  (online learning).kerja-kerja kemasyarakatan.

BAB 4 (Pengurusan Maklumat) by HOO AY TING A136258

Bab 4 10 Ways to Improve How You Manage Information by A136040

“The problem of information overload, therefore, may not be the quantity of it but our inability to know what to do with it.” – Danniel Tammet

One of the most important skills I mastered early on at Microsoft, is information management. My ability to organize information directly impacts my success. For me, information management is the key to daily productivity from researching to learning faster to keeping my email inbox empty.

When I first joined Microsoft, I found myself spending four or more hours on administration and email. Then one day I decided … enough is enough. From that point on, I refused to spend more than 30 minutes a day between email and administration overhead. That day marked the start of my pursuit to find the best ways to handle and organize information. While my motivation helped, it’s actually finding and creating effective techniques that really made the difference.

Here are ten of my favorite ways to manage information:
1. Factor reference from action. Carve out action items, To Dos, and tasks from your incoming streams of information. if it’s not an action, it’s reference. I first learned this practice when I was dealing with information overload as a support engineer. I ended up cementing the idea while working on our Microsoft Knowledge Base. The Knowledge Base is a vast collection of information, where each article tends to be optimized around either action or reference.

2. Create lists. Make a new To Do list each day and use it to organize your key action items for the day. Create checklists for your common routines.

3. Create collections. Put things into collections or think in terms of collections. Consolidate your notes into a single collection that you access quickly, such as in a personal notebook, a Word document or etc. Consolidate your thoughts or ideas into a single collection. Consolidate reference examples of your heroes or stories you can use for inspiration. Consolidate your “ah-has” into a single collection. Note that by single collection, I don’t mean you have it all in a single document, although you can. Instead, I’m thinking of collections of items, much like a photo album music collection. By stashing things of a similar type, such as “idea” or “note” … etc., you can determine the best way to arrange that collection. Maybe it’s a simple A -Z list or maybe you arrange it by time. For example, when I keep a journal of my insights, and each time I get an “ah ha”, I write it down under the current date. This way I can easily flip back through days and see my insights in chronological order. While I could arrange them A – Z, I like having my most recent ideas or inspirations bubbled to the top, since chances are I’m finding ways to act on them.

4. Put things where you look for them. Where ever you look for it, that’s where it should be. If you keep looking for something in a certain place, either just put it there when you find it or add some sort of pointer to the actual location. While you might logically think something belongs in a certain place, the real test is where you intuitively look for it.

5. Keep things flat. Out of sight, out of mind holds true for information. Avoid nesting information. Keep it flat and simple where you can. Think in terms of iTunes or a playlist. A well organized playlist is easy to jump to what you need.

6.Organize long lists or folders using A-Z. When you have long lists or big collections, then listing things A-Z tends to be a simple way to store things and to look things up fast. Once a list gets long, A-Z or a numbered list is the way to go.

7.Archive old things. When information is no longer useful for you, consider archiving it to get it out of your way. This usually means having a separate location. I’m a pack rat and I have a hard time letting things go, so I tend to archive instead. It let’s me get things out of the way, and then eventually get rid of them if I need to. Archiving has really helped me get a ton of information out of my way, since I know I can easily rehydrate it if I need to.

8.Bubble up key things to the top. When you have a lot of information, rather than worry about organizing all of it, bubble up things to the top. You can effectively have a quick, simple list or key things up top, followed by more information. Keep the things up front simple. This way you get the benefits of both exhaustive or complete, as well as simple. Whenever you have a large body of information, just add a simple entry point or key take aways or summary up front.

9. Know whether you’re optimizing for storing or retrieving. Distinguish whether you are storing something because you will need to look it up or refer to it a lot, or if you are simply storing it because you might need it in the future. For information that I need to look up a lot, I create a view or I make it easy to get to the information fast. For example, I might use a sticky note since I can quickly put it wherever I need to. For a lot of information, you simply need a quick way to store it. What you don’t want to do is have to work to hard, each time you need to file a piece of information. This I is where having a place for things, using lists, and organizing information in a meaningful way comes in handy. For most of my reference information, I organize it either by A-Z or by time. This way I don’t have to think too hard. I don’t create a bunch of folders for my email. Instead, I just store it all flat so it’s easy to search or browse or sort. For example, if I need to find an email from somebody, I simply sort my email by their name. Just by asking the question whether you’re optimizing for fast filing or for fast lookup will get you improving your information management in the right direction.

10.Create views. Create views for the information that you need to frequently access. For example, you might put sticky notes of information that consolidate just the key things. As an analogy, think of your music store versus your playlists. You store might be a large collection organized A-Z, but your playlists are views that are more focused or have themes. You can apply this metaphor to any of your information collections.
Well, there you have it. Those are my top 10 favorite techniques for organizing information. I’ve had the privilege of learning and modeling from many great colleagues and mentors. The beauty is, I get to practice my information management skills every day while hacking my way through the information jungle. These skills save me a ton of time whether I’m reading books, taking notes, learning something new, or just about any time I’m dealing with information. It’s deliberate practice with immediate results.



Two More Ways to Improve Your Information Management
As a bonus, I’m including two additional techniques that significantly changed my game:
(i) Periodically sweep things. No matter how well you organize things, you’ll need to periodically sweep. Sweeping simply means cleaning things up after the fact. Periodically, allocating a block of time to go back through and clean up some of your messes. Things will always get out of disorder over time. Time also changes what’s important. When you revisit things, after the fact, you also gain the benefit of hind sight. Make the time now and then to make a pass through your collections. Get rid of what you don’t need. Archive things that you don’t currently need. Restructure your information to support your usage scenarios. This is one of those vital practices that really makes the difference if you actually do it.
(ii) Reduce friction. Whenever you find that you’re working too hard to either find, organize, or use your information, pay attention to the friction. Work to reduce the friction. This might mean getting more information out of your way. It might mean bubbling more things up to where you can find them quickly. The key is to make it easy to use your information, and don’t let it become a burden.

from http://sourcesofinsight.com/10-ways-to-improve-how-you-manage-information/

Bab 4 15 Steps to Cultivate Lifelong Learning by A136040

Assuming the public school system hasn’t crushed your soul, learning is a great activity. It expands your viewpoint. It gives you new knowledge you can use to improve your life. Even if you discount the worldly benefits, the act of learning can be a source of enjoyment.
But in a busy world, it can often be hard to fit in time to learn anything that isn’t essential. The only things learned are those that need to be. Everything beyond that is considered frivolous. Even those who do appreciate the practice of lifelong learning, can find it difficult to make the effort.
Here are some tips for installing the habit of lifelong learning:


1) Always have a book.
It doesn’t matter if it takes you a year or a week to read a book. Always strive to have a book that you are reading through, and take it with you so you can read it when you have time. Just by shaving off a few minutes in-between activities in my day I can read about a book per week. That’s at least fifty each year.

2) Keep a “To-Learn” List
We all have to-do lists. These are the tasks we need to accomplish. Try to also have a “to-learn” list. On it you can write ideas for new areas of study. Maybe you would like to take up a new language, learn a skill or read the collective works of Shakespeare. Whatever motivates you, write it down.

3) Get More Intellectual Friends
Start spending more time with people who think. Not just people who are smart. But people who actually invest much of their time in learning new skills. Their habits will rub off on you. Even better, they will probably share some of their knowledge with you.

4) Guided Thinking
Albert Einstein once said, “Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking.” Simply studying the wisdom of others isn’t enough, you have to think through ideas yourself. Spend time journaling, meditating or contemplating over ideas you have learned.

5) Put it Into Practice
Skill based learning is useless if it isn’t applied. Reading a book on C++ isn’t the same thing as writing a program. Studying painting isn’t the same as picking up a brush. If your knowledge can be applied, put it into practice.

6) Teach Others
You learn what you teach. If you have an outlet of communicating ideas to others, you are more likely to solidify that learning. Start a blog, mentor someone or even discuss ideas with a friend.

7) Clean Your Input
Some forms of learning are easy to digest, but often lack substance. I make a point of regularly cleaning out my feed reader for blogs I subscribe to. Great blogs can be a powerful source of new ideas. But every few months I realize I’m collecting posts from blogs that I am simply skimming. Every few months, purify your input to save time and focus on what counts.

8 ) Learn in Groups
Lifelong learning doesn’t mean condemning yourself to a stack of dusty textbooks. Join organizations that teach skills. Workshops and group learning events can make educating yourself a fun, social experience.

9) Unlearn Assumptions
You can’t add water to a full cup. I always try to maintain a distance away from any idea. Too many convictions simply mean too few paths for new ideas. Actively seek out information that contradicts your worldview.

10) Find Jobs that Encourage Learning
Pick a career that encourages continual learning. If you are in a job that doesn’t have much intellectual freedom, consider switching to one that does. Don’t spend forty hours of your week in a job that doesn’t challenge you.

11) Start a Project
Set out to do something you don’t know how. Forced learning in this way can be fun and challenging. If you don’t know anything about computers, try building one. If you consider yourself a horrible artist, try a painting.

12) Follow Your Intuition
Lifelong learning is like wandering through the wilderness. You can’t be sure what to expect and there isn’t always an end goal in mind. Letting your intuition guide you can make self-education more enjoyable. Most of our lives have been broken down to completely logical decisions, that making choices on a whim has been stamped out.

13) The Morning Fifteen
Use the first fifteen minutes of your morning as a period for education. If you find yourself too groggy, you might want to wait a short time. Just don’t put it off later in the day where urgent activities will push it out of the way.

14) Reap the Rewards
Learn information you can use. Understanding the basics of programming allows me to handle projects that other people would require outside help. Meeting a situation that makes use of your educational efforts can be a source of pride.

15) Make it a Priority
Few external forces are going to persuade you to learn. The desire has to come from within. Once you decide you want to make lifelong learning a habit, it is up to you to make it a priority in your life.

from: http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/15-steps-to-cultivate-lifelong-learning.html

BAB 4 (Pengurusan Maklumat) by HOO AY TING A136258

Literasi Maklumat
Teknologi maklumat (IT) telah mengubah cara kita bekerja (aspek ekonomi), berkomunikasi (aspek sosial), dan berfikir (aspek psikologi). Walaupun Malaysia masih belum mencapai status masyarakat maklumat, kita sudah merasai bahang dan gelora Zaman Maklumat. Kita tidak dapat menguasai teknologi dengan hanya menekan butang komputer. Kita perlu mempunyai kemahiran mengakses maklumat. Hanya dengan adanya literasi komputer dan literasi maklumat yang tinggi, barulah kita dapat bekerja, dalam persekitaran maya, yang dirangkaikan menjadi pangkalan data sejagat. Literasi maklumat atau celik maklumat adalah kemahiran melakukan perkara-perkara seperti mengenal pasti dan mencari sumber maklumat daripada sumber yang boleh dipercayai. Selepas itu, kita perlulah menilai kualiti dan menyusun maklumat dengan betul serta dapat menggunakan maklumat itu dengan efektif. Kecekapan utama ataupun teras dalam celik maklumat berdasarkan


a. Pemahaman luas berkenaan sifat maklumat


Seseorang perlu memahami sifat maklumat dalam pelbagai subjek atau disiplin ilmu.Kesedaran berkaitan kewujudan pelbagai jenis sumber rujukan dan kegunaannya perlu diketahui.


b. Kebolehan mencapai maklumat

Mengenal pasti sumber-sumber maklumat yang akan digunakan bagi sesuatu tujuan. Selain itu, keupayaan bagi memastikan berapa banyak maklumat yang diperlukan juga penting. Dalam mencapai makluamat eletronik, mengetahui kaedah carian yang berkesan adalah penting. Carian maklumat dalam pangkalan data ataupun internet memerlukan kemahiran khusus.

Kebolehan Menilai Kebenaran Maklumat

Maklumat yang diperoleh perlu dipastikan kesahihannya. Ia dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara seperti meneliti pengarang, penerbit, tahun penerbitan dan isi kandungan sumber maklumat.

Kebolehan menganalisis dan merumus maklumat.


Seseorang perlu tahu memilih maklumat yang relevan dan sesuai sahaja bagi memenuhi sesuatu keperluan.


Sejak tahun 1960-an, pelbagai istilah telah digunakan untuk mengungkap sesuatu yang bermaklumat. Antaranya ialah Automasi Perpustakaan, Pengajaran Perpustakaan, Pengajaran Bibliografik dan Pendidikan Pembaca. Tapi pada tahun 1990-an, ia mula dikenali dengan nama Kemahiran Maklumat, Pengajaran Kemahiran Maklumat dan Literasi Maklumat. Oleh sebab kuasa, kawalan, dan minat juga dikaitkan dengan maklumat dan IT, sesiapa yang menguasai maklumat juga menguasai yang lain. Daripada kuasa dan kawalan itulah lahirnya perbezaan kelas dalam masyarakat yang menjadi faktor utama penyebaran, pengaksesan, dan juga kapasiti masing-masing dalam menggunakan maklumat yang sedia ada.

Konsep – konsep literasi maklumat

Konsep literasi maklumat mula diperkenalkan pada pertengahan tahun 1980 oleh American Library Association (ALA). ALA membentuk Forum Kebangsaan Mengenai Literasi Maklumat (National Forum on Information Literacy) yang dianggotai 65 organisasi bagi menggembangkan konsep literasi maklumat atau celik maklumat. Pada tahun 1989, ALA mengeluarkan definisi literasi maklumat yang diterima dan diguna pakai oleh umum sehingga sekarang.

Jika dilihat secara terperinci, literasi bermaksud keupayaan untuk membaca dan mendapatkan makna daripada perkataan. Selain itu, literasi juga didefinisikan sebagai mempunyai pengetahuan yang secukupnya untuk menggunakan sesuatu. Manakala, maklumat pula ialah hasil daripada pemprosesan , pengumpulan dan penganalisaan data yang dapat menambah pengetahuan kepada penerima maklumat. Secara ringkasnya, maklumat merupakan konteks apabila data digunakan. Tambahan lagi, maklumat ialah sesuatu penerangan yang diperolehi daripada pelbagai sumber terutamanya dalam bentuk data, pengetahuan atau kebijaksanaan. Maklumat juga merupakan proses menambah pengetahuan secara langsung atau tidak langsung melalui pengalaman sendiri dan pengalaman orang lain seperti pengetahuan yang disimpan dalam bentuk bahan cetak, bahan tayang dan bahan tiga dimensi.

Jadi, literasi maklumat boleh digambarkan sebagai keupayaan mendapat makna daripada maklumat. Menurut Rader (1991), literasi maklumat ialah satu keupayaan untuk mengakses dan menilai maklumat dengan berkesan bagi menyelesaikan sesuatu masalah dan mengambil keputusan. Doyle,C (1994) pula merujuk kepada keupayaan untuk mengakses, menilai dan mengguna maklumat daripada pelbagai sumber.

Ciri – Ciri Orang Berliterasi Maklumat

Orang yang berliterasi maklumat merupakan orang yang celik maklumat di mana mereka dapat menguasai semua kemahiran yang diperlukan. Mereka sering dijadikan bahan rujukan oleh semua orang kerana mereka boleh didibaratkan sebagai ”kamus bergerak”. Terdapat 7 ciri – ciri yang dapat dinyatakan. Antaranya ialah mereka mengakses maklumat secara berkesan dan efisien, mereka dapat menilai maklumat secara kritis dan cekap , mereka dapat menggunakan maklumat secara betul dan bersesuaian dengan apa yang dikehendaki, mereka sering berusaha mendapatkan maklumat berhubung pelbagai aspek kehidupan yang berkait rapat dengan mereka, mereka juga menghargai bahan – bahan sastera yang kreatif, mereka berusaha sedaya upaya untuk mendapatkan maklumat dan penjanaan ilmu, mengamalkan tingkah laku dan etika yang baik berhubung maklumat dan IT, dan mereka suka mengambil bahagian dalam kumpulan untuk menjadi pencari maklumat yang baik. Selain itu, orang yang berliterasi maklumat mampu untuk bersaing dengan ledakan maklumat pada zaman serba teknologi menuju wawasan 2020 kelak.

Kepentingan Literasi Maklumat Dalam Kehidupan

Literasi maklumat amat penting dalam kehidupan terutamanya buat seseorang pelajar. Literasi maklumat juga memberikan banyak impak dalam kehidupan seharian kita semua tidak mengira jantina mahupun kaum.

Dari aspek dasar pembangunan negara, celik maklumat dapat membangunkan ekonomi berasaskan k – ekonomi dan k – masyarakat. K – ekonomi ialah satu cabang ekonomi yang berasaskan pengetahuan. Ekonomi ini adalah satu sistem ekonomi dimana penjanaan dan eksploitasi ilmu dan pengetahuan memainkan peranan yang dominan didalam usaha untuk membina kekayaan. Bagi negara ekonominya maju, lebih daripada 70% tenaga manusia adalah pekerja berilmu . Manakala, k – masyarakat pula ialah masyarakat yang berasaskan pengetahuan. Jadi, disini jelaslah sudah bahawa literasi maklumat amat penting dalam membangun ekonomi dan melahirkan individu yang berdaya saing selaras dengan arus pemodenan dan globalisasi yang terlalu bergantung kepada teknogi maklumat amnya.


Tambahan lagi, literasi maklumat amat bertepatan dengan Matlamat Pendidikan Negara yang ingin melahirkan generasi ulul-albab yang celik maklumat selaras dengan Falsafah Pendidikan Negara. Manakala, dari aspek sosial, maklumat yang sudah diproses akan menjadi ilmu yang akan menjadikan kita lebih pandai, proaktif, produktif,kreatif,dan inovatif , iaitu syarat yang dituntut oleh era baru. Dari segi pendapatan negara, menggunakan lebih banyak maklumat bukan sahaja boleh meningkatkan pengeluaran perkhidmatan dan barangan baru, malahan pengeluarannya dapat dilakukan dengan lebih murah, kualiti yang tinggi, dan dalam tempoh jangka masa yang lebih singkat. Contohnya, sistem penempahan tiket kapal terbang. Selain membolehkan prosesnya berjalan lancar, syarikat penerbangan juga dapat memantau dan mengawal perjalanan penumpang di seluruh dunia pada tiap – tiap hari. Daya saing syarikat meningkat, keuntungan bertambah dan kos operasi berkurang.


Dalam erti kata yang lain, semakin banyak maklumat yang digunakan, semakin kuranglah tenaga manusia dan bahan mentah konvensional lain yang diperlukan. Hal ini dapat diperhatikan di Jepun dan Singapura. Walaupun mereka tidak mempunyai sumber alam dan galian, negara mereka dapat mengeksport barangan dan perkhidmatan ke negara lain. Negara ini hanya memanfaatkan sumber yang ada dengan memberikan pendidikan yang baik kepada rakyatnya dengan maklumat dan ilmu terkini. Daripada maklumat dan ilmu itulah, banyak produk baru dapat dihasilkan dan dieksport.

Literasi maklumat amat penting dalam mengejar arus ledakan maklumat yang serba canggih sekarang. Semua manusia haruslah mempunyai ilmu pengetahuan yang luas dalam bidang IT untuk menjadi orang yang berliterasi maklumat.

BIBLIOGRAFI

http://books.google.com.my/books
apps.emoe.gov.my/pkgtbb/
Ambigapathy Pandian. Literasi Maklumat dikalangan guru pelatih bahasa.
Computer literacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia 2005ISBN9833391214
Irma Indayu Omar & Yushiana Mansor(2005). Siri Teknologi Maklumat,
Panduan Mencari Maklumat. PTS Professional Publishing
Sdn.Bhd (678274-D) 2005.

Sumbangan dari website:http://maziahrashid.blogspot.com/p/literasi-maklumat.html


Ulasan : Dari aspek pendidikan, ia membawa perubahan ke arah sistem pendidikan bestari. Pembestarian sistem pendidikan di sekolah perlu mengambil kira aspek pembinaan minda/kognitif pelajar maklumat. Program literasi maklumat membantu membina intelek pelajar dan ianya hendaklah dilaksanakan untuk menjana modal insan yang mempunyai minda kelas pertama (RMK9). Literasi maklumat perlu dikuasai oleh semua pelajar. Kemahiran yang sama perlu digunakan di semua peringkat pembelajaran dengan skop yang berbeza. Kemahiran ini penting diajarkan dalam konteks kurikulum sebagai satu proses untuk menghasilkan pembelajaran yang berkesan. Oleh sebab kuasa, kawalan, dan minat juga dikaitkan dengan maklumat dan IT, sesiapa yang menguasai maklumat juga menguasai yang lain. Daripada kuasa dan kawalan itulah lahirnya perbezaan kelas dalam masyarakat yang menjadi faktor utama dalam perkembangan sosioekonominya.

BAB 4 (Pengurusan Maklumat) by HOO AY TING A136258

Taken from website:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4CV05HyAbM

Ulasan: This video explores the changes in the way we find, store, create, critique, and share information. This video was created as a conversation starter, and works especially well when brainstorming with people about the near future and the skills needed in order to harness, evaluate, and create information effectively.

BAB 4 (Pembelajaran sepanjang hayat) by HOO AY TING A136258

Quotations from Albert Einstein:

 A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. So is a lot.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

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 Strange is our situation here upon earth. Each of us comes for a short visit, not knowing why, yet sometimes seeming to divine a purpose. From the standpoint of daily life, however, there is one thing we do know that man is here for the sake of other men.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

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 Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by the age of eighteen.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

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 Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

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 If I had an hour to solve a problem and my life depended on the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate
How to Define a Problem 

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 A hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life depend on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

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 In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

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 When I examine myself and my methods of thought, I come to the conclusion that the gift of fantasy has meant more to me than my talent for absorbing positive knowledge.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

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 Gravitation can not be held responsible for people falling in love.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

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 Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds.

The mediocre mind is incapable of understanding the man who refuses to bow blindly to conventional prejudices and chooses instead to express his opinions courageously and honestly.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate
Wikiquote 

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 A human being is part of the whole, called by us 'Universe'; a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest -- a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness.

This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and affection for a few persons nearest us.

Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole nature in its beauty.

Nobody is able to achieve this completely but striving for such achievement is, in itself, a part of the liberation and a foundation for inner security.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate
Quantum Reality, Beyond the New Physics 

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 I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 Any fool can know. The point is to understand.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 Learning is not a product of schooling but the lifelong attempt to acquire it

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 There are only two ways to live your life: as though nothing is a miracle, or as though everything is a miracle.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do nothing.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 The only sure way to avoid making mistakes is to have no new ideas.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 1. Out of clutter, find simplicity. 2. From discord, find harmony. 3. In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 The most beautiful and profound emotion we can experience is the sensation of the mystical. It is the sower of all true science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer wonder and stand rapt in awe, is good as dead.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 Strive not to be a success, but rather to be of value.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 The mere formulation of a problem is far more often essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advances in science.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 This topic [the importance of individuality] brings me to that worst out-crop of the herd nature, the military system, which I abhor. That a man can take pleasure in marching to the strains of a band is enough to make me despise him. He has only been given his big brain by mistake; a backbone was all he needed. This plague-spot of civilization ought to be abolished with all possible speed. Heroism by order, senseless violence, and all the pestilent nonsense that goes by the name of patriotism -- how I hate them! War seems to me a mean, contemptible thing: I would rather be hacked in pieces than take part in such an abominable business. And yet so high, in spite of everything, is my opinion of the human race that I believe this bogey would have disappeared long ago, had the sound sense of the nations not been systematically corrupted by commercial and political interests acting through the schools and the press.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate
from The World As I See It, pp. 4-5. 

---

 The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

---

 It is the theory that describes what we can observe.

Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

Taken from website:http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/albert-einstein

Ulasan: Semua ayat ini pula adalah quotations daripada Albert Einstein yang disanjungi. Harap Albert Einstein punya ayat dapat mendorong anda untuk berusaha dalam pembelajaran sepanjang hayat hidup kita ini! :)

Bab 4 Majlis Pelancaran Pelan Induk Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat A136234

Majlis Pelancaran Pelan Induk Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat Peringkat Nasional 2011-2020

KUALA LUMPUR, 14 Nov:Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi (KPT) dengan kerjasama Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) dan Open Uiniversiti Melaysia (OUM) telah melancarkan Pelan Induk Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat Peringkat Nasional 2011-2020 dan Persidangan Antarabangsa Pembelajaran Sepenjang Hayat 2011 yang telah disempurnakan oleh YAB Tan Sri Dato’ Haji Muhyiddin Mohd Yassin, Timbalan Perdana Menteri Malaysia bertempat di Hotel Seri Pasific Kuala Lumpur. Pelancaran ini selaras dengan teras keenam Pelan Strategik Pengajian Tinggi Negara iaitu memebudayakan pembelajaran sepanjang hayat (PSH) dengan objektifnya bagi memastikan PSH menjadi satu gaya hidup masyarakat Malaysia bagi melengkapkan diri dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan kemahiran sepanjang hayat.

SOURCE:: http://www.mohe.gov.my/portal/utama/57-makluman/455-majlis-pelancaran-pelan-induk-psh.html

BAB 4 (Pembelajaran sepanjang hayat) by HOO AY TING A136258

Be Eager to Learn

October 13th 2009

“Be observing constantly. Stay open minded. Be eager to learn and improve.” – John Wooden

Invest In Knowledge
September 17th 2009

“An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.” – Benjamin Franklin

Valuable Lesson to Learn
February 24th 2009
“Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is the ability to make yourself do the thing you have to do, when it ought to be done, whether you like it or not. It is the first lesson that ought to be learned.” – Thomas H. Huxley

Learn from Mistakes
February 19th 2009
“Experience is the name everyone gives to his mistakes.” – Oascar Wilde

Learn from Mistakes
February 13th 2009
“The man who makes no mistakes does not usually make anything.” – Bishop W. C. Magee

Learn From Your Mistakes
February 1st 2009
“I don’t expect anyone to be perfect. It’s not human nature. What I do expect is that they will take risks, correct mistakes, and learn from both.” – Mike Armstrong

Replace An Empty Mind
December 19th 2008
“Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.” - Malcolm Forbes

Make Room for Errors
December 16th 2008
“Make room for errors. If you’re great, you are forgiven for a mistake - if you’re bad, you eat your mistakes.” – Jeffrey Gitomer

Allow the Past to Educate You
December 14th 2008
“It’s easy to carry the past as a burden instead of a school. It’s easy to let it overwhelm you instead of educate you.” - Jim Rohn

Learn From Your Experiences
November 20th 2008
“Life is a succession of lessons which must be lived to be understood.” – Helen Keller

Criticism is a Virtue

October 19th 2008
“Don’t mind criticism. If it is untrue, disregard it; if unfair, keep from irritation; if it is ignorant, smile; if it is justified, it is not criticism – learn from it.” – Author unknown

Strive for Enlightenment
September 17th 2008
“The end of an argument or discussion should be, not victory, but enlightenment.” – Joseph Joubert

We Must First Unlearn
September 5th 2008
“The first problem for all of us, men and women, is not to learn, but to unlearn.” – Gloria Stein

Seek to Learn
September 2nd 2008
“Learning is not achieved by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.” – Abigail Adams

Involve Me and I Understand
August 8th 2008
“Tell me and I Forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I understand.” – Chinese Proverb

Read to Exercise Your Mind
August 2nd 2008
“Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.” – Sir Richard Steele

Attain Your Full Heights
August 1st 2008
“A human being is not attaining his full heights until he is educated.” – Horace Mann

You Can’t Win Them All
July 27th 2008
“Some days you tame the tiger. And some days the tiger has you for lunch.” – Tug McGraw

Picking Up Others
July 21st 2008
“If you always pick someone up, they’ll always expect you to pick them up. If you allow someone to fall from time-to-time, they will learn how to pick themselves up.” – Ron Goch

Learn All You Can
July 7th 2008

“Learn all you can, so you can contribute all you can.” - Ron Goch

Curiosity is the Basis for Education


June 14th 2008


“Curiosity is the very basis of education and if you tell me that curiosity killed the cat, I say only the cat died nobly.” - Arnold Edinborough

Learning and Liberty


March 1st 2008


“Liberty without learning is always in peril; learning without liberty is always in vain.” - John F. Kennedy

Learn By Trying Something New


December 31st 2007


“Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.” – Albert Einstein

Commit to being a Life-Long Learner


December 22nd 2007


“Formal education will earn you a living, self-education will earn you a fortune.” – John Patterson

Seek Opportunities to Learn


December 7th 2007


“Education costs money, but then so does ignorance.” – Sir Claus Moser



Learn From Mistakes


November 1st 2007


“One of the most valuable lessons I learned…is that we all have to learn from our mistakes, and we learn from those mistakes a lot more than we learn from the things we succeeded in doing.” – Ann Richards

Learn More to Earn More


October 30th 2007


“If you want to earn more – learn more. If you want to get more out of the world you must put more into the world. For, after all, men will get no more out of life than they put into it.” – William J.H. Boetcker



Have a Desire to Increase Your Knowledge


July 11th 2007


“Knowledge desires always increase; it is like fire which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself.” – Dr. Samuel Johnson

Choose to Learn Something New Today


June 23rd 2007


“Sometimes you win and sometimes you learn.” – Robert Kiyosaki


Turn Frustration to Fascination


May 10th 2007


“Learn how to turn frustration into fascination. You will learn more being fascinated by life than you will by being frustrated by it.” Jim Rohn

Stop and Smell the Flowers


January 30th 2007


“I learned a lot from Ed Bradley, and not just about journalism. I learned a lot about friendship, manners, clothes, wine, freshly cut flowers—which he had delivered to his office every week—and the importance of stopping and smelling them every once in awhile.” - Steve Kroft


Quotations from Albert Einstein:

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. So is a lot.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

Strange is our situation here upon earth. Each of us comes for a short visit, not knowing why, yet sometimes seeming to divine a purpose. From the standpoint of daily life, however, there is one thing we do know that man is here for the sake of other men.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by the age of eighteen.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


If I had an hour to solve a problem and my life depended on the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate
How to Define a Problem

A hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life depend on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


When I examine myself and my methods of thought, I come to the conclusion that the gift of fantasy has meant more to me than my talent for absorbing positive knowledge.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


Gravitation can not be held responsible for people falling in love.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds.

The mediocre mind is incapable of understanding the man who refuses to bow blindly to conventional prejudices and chooses instead to express his opinions courageously and honestly.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate
Wikiquote


A human being is part of the whole, called by us 'Universe'; a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest -- a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness.

This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and affection for a few persons nearest us.

Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole nature in its beauty.

Nobody is able to achieve this completely but striving for such achievement is, in itself, a part of the liberation and a foundation for inner security.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate
Quantum Reality, Beyond the New Physics

I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

Any fool can know. The point is to understand.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


Learning is not a product of schooling but the lifelong attempt to acquire it


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


There are only two ways to live your life: as though nothing is a miracle, or as though everything is a miracle.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do nothing.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


The only sure way to avoid making mistakes is to have no new ideas.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


1. Out of clutter, find simplicity. 2. From discord, find harmony. 3. In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

The most beautiful and profound emotion we can experience is the sensation of the mystical. It is the sower of all true science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer wonder and stand rapt in awe, is good as dead.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


Strive not to be a success, but rather to be of value.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

The mere formulation of a problem is far more often essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advances in science.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

This topic [the importance of individuality] brings me to that worst out-crop of the herd nature, the military system, which I abhor. That a man can take pleasure in marching to the strains of a band is enough to make me despise him. He has only been given his big brain by mistake; a backbone was all he needed. This plague-spot of civilization ought to be abolished with all possible speed. Heroism by order, senseless violence, and all the pestilent nonsense that goes by the name of patriotism -- how I hate them! War seems to me a mean, contemptible thing: I would rather be hacked in pieces than take part in such an abominable business. And yet so high, in spite of everything, is my opinion of the human race that I believe this bogey would have disappeared long ago, had the sound sense of the nations not been systematically corrupted by commercial and political interests acting through the schools and the press.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate
from The World As I See It, pp. 4-5.

The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate

It is the theory that describes what we can observe.


Albert Einstein, (1879 - 1955) Physicist & Nobel Laureate


Be Eager to Learn


October 13th 2009


“Be observing constantly. Stay open minded. Be eager to learn and improve.” – John Wooden


Invest In Knowledge


September 17th 2009


“An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.” – Benjamin Franklin






Valuable Lesson to Learn


February 24th 2009


“Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is the ability to make yourself do the thing you have to do, when it ought to be done, whether you like it or not. It is the first lesson that ought to be learned.” – Thomas H. Huxley


Learn from Mistakes


February 19th 2009


“Experience is the name everyone gives to his mistakes.” – Oascar Wilde

Learn from Mistakes


February 13th 2009


“The man who makes no mistakes does not usually make anything.” – Bishop W. C. Magee

Learn From Your Mistakes


February 1st 2009


“I don’t expect anyone to be perfect. It’s not human nature. What I do expect is that they will take risks, correct mistakes, and learn from both.” – Mike Armstrong


Replace An Empty Mind


December 19th 2008


“Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.” - Malcolm Forbes

Make Room for Errors


December 16th 2008


“Make room for errors. If you’re great, you are forgiven for a mistake - if you’re bad, you eat your mistakes.” – Jeffrey Gitomer

Allow the Past to Educate You


December 14th 2008


“It’s easy to carry the past as a burden instead of a school. It’s easy to let it overwhelm you instead of educate you.” - Jim Rohn


Learn From Your Experiences


November 20th 2008


“Life is a succession of lessons which must be lived to be understood.” – Helen Keller


Criticism is a Virtue


October 19th 2008


“Don’t mind criticism. If it is untrue, disregard it; if unfair, keep from irritation; if it is ignorant, smile; if it is justified, it is not criticism – learn from it.” – Author unknown

Strive for Enlightenment


September 17th 2008


“The end of an argument or discussion should be, not victory, but enlightenment.” – Joseph Joubert

We Must First Unlearn


September 5th 2008


“The first problem for all of us, men and women, is not to learn, but to unlearn.” – Gloria Steinem

Seek to Learn


September 2nd 2008

“Learning is not achieved by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.” – Abigail Adams

Involve Me and I Understand
August 8th 2008
“Tell me and I Forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I understand.” – Chinese Proverb

Read to Exercise Your Mind
August 2nd 2008
“Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.” – Sir Richard Steele

Attain Your Full Heights
August 1st 2008
“A human being is not attaining his full heights until he is educated.” – Horace Mann

You Can’t Win Them All
July 27th 2008
“Some days you tame the tiger. And some days the tiger has you for lunch.” – Tug McGraw

Picking Up Others
July 21st 2008
“If you always pick someone up, they’ll always expect you to pick them up. If you allow someone to fall from time-to-time, they will learn how to pick themselves up.” – Ron Goch

Learn All You Can
July 7th 2008
“Learn all you can, so you can contribute all you can.” - Ron Goch

Curiosity is the Basis for Education
June 14th 2008
“Curiosity is the very basis of education and if you tell me that curiosity killed the cat, I say only the cat died nobly.” - Arnold Edinborough

Learning and Liberty
March 1st 2008
“Liberty without learning is always in peril; learning without liberty is always in vain.” - John F. Kennedy

Learn By Trying Something New
December 31st 2007
“Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.” – Albert Einstein

Commit to being a Life-Long Learner
December 22nd 2007
“Formal education will earn you a living, self-education will earn you a fortune.” – John Patterson

Seek Opportunities to Learn
December 7th 2007
“Education costs money, but then so does ignorance.” – Sir Claus Moser

Learn From Mistakes
November 1st 2007
“One of the most valuable lessons I learned…is that we all have to learn from our mistakes, and we learn from those mistakes a lot more than we learn from the things we succeeded in doing.” – Ann Richards

Learn More to Earn More
October 30th 2007
“If you want to earn more – learn more. If you want to get more out of the world you must put more into the world. For, after all, men will get no more out of life than they put into it.” – William J.H. Boetcker

Have a Desire to Increase Your Knowledge

July 11th 2007

“Knowledge desires always increase; it is like fire which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself.” – Dr. Samuel Johnson

Choose to Learn Something New Today

June 23rd 2007
“Sometimes you win and sometimes you learn.” – Robert Kiyosaki

Turn Frustration to Fascination
May 10th 2007

“Learn how to turn frustration into fascination. You will learn more being fascinated by life than you will by being frustrated by it.” Jim Rohn

Stop and Smell the Flowers

January 30th 2007

“I learned a lot from Ed Bradley, and not just about journalism. I learned a lot about friendship, manners, clothes, wine, freshly cut flowers—which he had delivered to his office every week—and the importance of stopping and smelling them every once in awhile.” - Steve Kroft

These quotes are all taken from website http://www.theteliosgroup.com/quotes/category/lifelong-learning

Ulasan: ayat-ayat ini semua sangat bermakna, saya berharap ayat-ayat semua ini dapat membantu anda dalam mengharungi cabaran dalam pembelajaran sepanjang hayat. =)

BAB 4 (Pengurusan Maklumat) by HOO AY TING A136258

Pengurusan Maklumat
Definisi dan Konsep Maklumat


Maklumat ialah:
• Data
• Bahan
• Pengetahuan
• Data yang tersusun dalam satu struktur yang mempunyai makna.

Ciri-ciri maklumat:
• Relevan
• Boleh dipercayai
• Boleh difahami
• Lengkap
• Tepat pada masanya
• Membantu mengurangkan ketidakpastian.

Contoh organisasi yang menguruskan maklumat:
• Perpustakaan
• Arkib
• Muzium
• Galeri seni
• Internet

          Pengurusan maklumat adalah ilmu berkenaan kemahiran untuk mengesan, mengakses, mendapat semula, menilai, menyusun, dan menggunakan maklumat itu. Seseorang itu perlu tahu bagaimana memperolehi manfaat daripada maklumat yang telah dikumpulkan untuk menjadi seseorang yang celik maklumat ( Lau 2006).

Konsep Literasi Maklumat
• Literasi dari sudut bahasa bermaksud celik atau berpengetahuan.
• Dari segi istilah, literasi maklumat adalah keupayaan mencari dan menggunakan maklumat yang menjadi kunci pembelajaran sepanjang hayat (Byerly et al. 1999).
• Pelajar yang celik maklumat mampu mengakses sumber maklumat dengan cekap semasa proses pengumpulan maklumat, mampu menilai maklumat secara kritis dan juga menggunakan maklumat tersebut dengan tepat dan kreatif (Byerly et al. 1999).
• Seterusnya, maklumat tersebut harus disintesis dan dipersembahkan dalam cara baru untuk menyelesaikan masalah kehidupan sebenar (Byerly et al. 1999).

Mackenzie (1997): Orang yang celik maklumat berkebolehan dalam:-
• Menggali: Berkeupayaan mengesan maklumat yang berkaitan, menyaring, menyisih dan memilih maklumat.
• Mentafsir: Berupaya untuk menterjemahkan data dan maklumat kepada pengetahuan, wawasan, dan kefahaman.
• Mencipta idea-idea baru: Berkeupayaan membangunkan wawasan-wawasan baru.

 Tiga komponen asas sebagai piawaian literasi maklumat untuk mewujudkan pembelajaran berkesan : 
• Akses
• Penilaian
• Penggunaan maklumat

3 Asas Utama Pengurusan Maklumat
1. Mengakses maklumat dengan cekap dan berkesan.
2. Menilai maklumat dengan cekap dan kritis.
3. Mengaplikasikan dan menggunakan maklumat dengan tepat dan kreatif.

Asas 1Mengakses Maklumat Dengan Cekap Dan Berkesan 
-Mendefinisi dan menyatakan keperluan maklumat.
• Mendefinisi atau mengenalpasti keperluan maklumat.
• Memutus untuk berbuat sesuatu bagi mencari maklumat.
• Menyata dan mendefinisi keperluan maklumat.
• Memulakan proses pencarian.

-Mengesan maklumat.
 Mengenalpasti dan menilai sumber-sumber maklumat berpotensi.
 Menghasilkan strategi pencarian.
 Mengakses sumber-sumber maklumat terpilih.
 Memilih dan mendapatkan semula maklumat yang dikesan.

Asas 2 Menilai Maklumat Dengan Cekap Dan Kritis 


-Pentaksiran maklumat
 Menganalisis, memeriksa, dan mengekstrak maklumat.
 Membuat tanggapan umum dan mentafsir maklumat.
 Memilih dan mensintesis maklumat.
 Menilai ketepatan dan kerelevanan maklumat yang didapatkan semula.

-Penyusunan maklumat
 Menyusun dan mengkategorikan maklumat.
 Mengelompok dan menyusun maklumat yang didapatkan semula.
 Menentukan maklumat mana yang terbaik dan paling berguna.

Asas 3 Menggunakan Maklumat Dengan Tepat Dan Kreatif 


-Penggunaan maklumat
• Mencari cara baru untuk berkomunikasi, mempersembah dan mengguna.
• Menggunakan maklumat yang didapatkan semula.
• Mempelajari atau mendalami maklumat sebagai pengetahuan peribadi.
• Menghasilkan produk maklumat.

 -Komunikasi dan penggunaan beretika maklumat
 Memahami penggunaan beretika maklumat.
 Menghormati perundangan berkaitan penggunaan maklumat.
 Mengiktiraf produk pembelajaran sebagai  harta intelek.
 Menggunakan piawaian gaya pengiktirafan yang relevan.

Literasi Maklumat dan Pengetahuan
• Pengetahuan ialah keadaan mengetahui; ‘tahu’ pula adalah keadaan kefahaman yang dicapai melalui pengalaman atau pembelajaran semua atau sebahagian perkara yang diterokai, difahami atau dipelajari.
• Pengetahuan berkait rapat dengan maklumat kerana ia terdiri daripada maklumat berkaitan fakta, prosedur, konsep, interpretasi, idea, pemerhatian dan pertimbangan yang terkandung dalam pemikiran seseorang.
• Secara ringkas, pengetahuan adalah hasil daripada pemprosesan kognitif yang dicetuskan oleh maklumat dan menghasilkan maklumat. Maklumat diubah menjadi pengetahuan apabila diproses dalam pemikiran seseorang. Seterusnya, pengetahuan menjadi maklumat apabila dipersembahkan dalam bentuk teks, grafik, perkataan atau dalam bentuk symbol yang lain.

Pengurusan Pengetahuan
 Proses penghasilan, pemanfaatan, penghantaran dan penggunaan pengetahuan.
 Melibatkan tiga komponen penting, iaitu membangun (mewujud), menyimpan dan berkongsi pengetahuan.
 Bukan sekadar menyimpan pengetahuan, sebaliknya melibatkan keperluan untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan sama ada dari dalam atau luar organisasi dan perkongsian pengetahuan antara warga organisasi.

Kepentingan Pengurusan Pengetahuan
 Membantu organisasi dalam memperbaiki keberkesanan dan kecekapan.
 Memperbaiki kedudukan pasaran melalui penjanaan idea kreatif bagi menghasilkan produk dan perkhidmatan yang inovatif.
 Memperbaiki komunikasi dan meningkatkan sinergi antara pekerja dan membolehkan pembelajaran menjadi lebih berkesan dan cekap.

4 Proses Pengurusan Pengetahuan
1) Menentukan pengetahuan yang diperlukan.
2) Menentukan perbezaan yang wujud antara pengetahuan yang perlu dengan pengetahuan yang sedia ada, sama ada dalam bentuk kuantitatif atau kualitatif.
3) Mengecilkan jurang perbezaan dengan membangunkan pengetahuan yang baru sama ada dengan membeli pengetahuan, memperbaiki pengetahuan yang sedia ada atau menghapuskan pengetahuan yang telah ketinggalan zaman.
4) Pengetahuan dikongsi, disebarkan dan diaplikasikan untuk kegunaan semua

Bab 4 LITERASI MAKLUMAT DAN PEMBELAJARAN SEPANJANG HAYAT A136234

 Literasi Maklumat dan Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat

Dengan sumbangan dari

Forest Woody Horton, Jr.  reference: http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s42/pub/IL-Guidelines2006-ms.pdf

 ________________________________________________________________________

Literasi maklumat dan pembelajaran sepanjang hayat berhubungan secara strategik dan

saling memperkukuh di antara satu sama lain. Dalam masyarakat maklumat global, ini

amat penting bagi kejayaan setiap individu, organisasi, institusi, dan negara. Paling ideal

sekali, kedua-dua paradigma moden ini  harus dimanfaatkan bersama-sama secara

simbiotik dan sinergi, jika manusia mahukan kelangsungan hidup dan berjaya bersaing

pada abad ke-21 dan seterusnya.

Hubungkait kedua-dua konsep.  Kedua-dua konsep ini:

• Kebanyakannya adalah mendorong-kendiri dan terarah-kendiri.  Ia tidak memerlukan

seorang individu, sebuah organisasi, atau  suatu sistem luar, untuk menjadi orang

tengah melebihi individu itu sendiri, walaupun nasihat dan bantuan daripada seorang

rakan yang dihormati seperti seorang mentor atau pembimbing, dapat membantu.

• Adalah menurunkan-kuasa-kendiri.  Ia bertujuan membantu individu dari setiap

kumpulan umur untuk menolong diri mereka sendiri, tanpa mengira status sosial atau

ekonomi, peranan, atau tempat di dalam masyarakat, jantina, bangsa, agama atau latar

belakang etnik.

• Adalah menjadi-benar-kendiri.  Lebih celik maklumat seseorang itu, dan lebih lama

beliau mengekalkan pembelajaran literasi  maklumat dan mengamalkan tabiat baik

tersebut, semakin besar kesedaran-kendiri yang akan berlaku, terutamanya jika

diamalkan sepanjang kehidupan.

Secara teorinya, seseorang itu boleh meneruskan matlamatnya untuk menjadi lebih celik

maklumat, tetapi bukan sepanjang kehidupannya.  Sebaliknya, seseorang itu boleh

meneruskan matlamat pembelajaran sepanjang hayat tanpa terlebih dahulu menjadi celik

maklumat. Bila konsep ini diletak berasingan, tiada mana-mana saluran yang dapat

memaksimakan sepenuhnya potensi seseorang individu itu demi “mempelajari untuk

belajar.”

Literasi maklumat dan pembelajaran sepanjang hayat.  Literasi maklumat dan

pembelajaran sepanjang hayat yang dimanfaat bersama membawa peningkatan besar 

kepada: 

• Set pilihan dan opsyen peribadi yang terbuka dan ditawar kepada seseorang individu

dalam konteks hal peribadi, keluarga dan kemasyarakatan

• Kualiti dan kebergunaan pendidikan dan latihan di dalam suasana rasmi sekolah

sebelum memasukki tenaga kerja, dan kemudiannya dalam suasana vokasional tidak

formal atau pada latihan-dalam-kerja

• Peluang mencari dan mendapat pekerjaan yang memuaskan dan memanjat tangga

kerja  dengan cepat dengan menerima ganjaran sewajarnya, dan membuat keputusan

yang bijak dan berkesan dari segi kos mengenai ekonomi dan perniagaan

• Penyertaan berkesan individu tersebut dalam konteks sosial, kebudayaan, dan politik,

di kedua-dua peringkat komuniti setempat dan lebih tinggi lagi, dan ketika

mengenalpasti dan memahami matlamat dan aspirasi profesional

Literasi maklumat adalah satu “set kemahiran” yang boleh dipelajari.  Set kemahiran itu

termasuk satu sikap tertentu terhadap pembelajaran itu sendiri; penggunaan alatan, seperti

tutorial dalam talian; penggunaan teknik, seperti bekerja dengan kumpulan; dan

penggunaan kaedah, seperti pergantungan kepada para mentor; pembimbing; dan

omsbudman.

Sebagai perbandingan, pembelajaran sepanjang hayat adalah satu tabiat baik yang mesti

diperolehi dan diiringi dengan penerimaan satu rangka minda yang positif.  Kesediaan

untuk berubah dan satu sifat ingin tahu atau dahagakan pengetahuan adalah pra-syarat

yang amat membantu untuk pembelajaran sepanjang hayat.

Perpustakaan dan pustakawan sebagai rakan dalam sebuah pasukan literasi maklumat/

pembelajaran sepanjang hayat.  Ini adalah sebuah dokumen IFLA, dan jelas sekali IFLA

memberi tumpuan kepada perpustakaan dan para pustakawan.  Namun demikian, tugas

untuk meletakkan satu program literasi maklumat/pembelajaran sepanjang hayat

ditempatnya tidak boleh dilakukan secara eksklusif oleh para pustakawan di

perpustakaan.  Tugas berat ini tanggungjawab kesemua komuniti pembelajaran: para

guru, fakulti, ibu-bapa, pelajar dan masyarakat amnya.  Sebuah pasukan harus dibentuk,

terdiri dari rakan-rakan yang dikenalpasti boleh bekerja dengan para pustakawan. 

Sebagai contoh, dalam konteks perpustakaan  sekolah, pasukan perkongsian ini boleh

memasukkan seorang atau lebih guru, seorang pakar dari luar, seorang kaunselor sekolah

dan mungkin yang lain-lain.  Dalam konteks  perpustakaan awam, campuran pasukan

perkongsian ini akan berbeza sedikit.

Perpustakaan dan pustakawan sebagai  agen perubahan literasi maklumat.  Literasi

maklumat penting melewati bidang perpustakaan dan kepustakawanan.  Oleh itu para

pustakawan boleh menjadi agen perubahan untuk membantu bidang-bidang lain

memajukan dan meletakkan dasar, program dan projek literasi maklumat mereka.  Dalam

konteks ini, pustakawan boleh menjadi sebagai pakar perunding dan tidak harus berasa

segan untuk menawarkan perkhidmatan mereka dalam bidang-bidang lain.  Sebagai

contoh, dalam konteks syarikat persendirian,  literasi maklumat/pembelajaran sepanjang

hayat itu penting kepada seluruh syarikat,  bukan sahaja kepada  para pustakawan dan

profesional maklumat lain.  Para pustakawan harus memainkan peranan perundingan

untuk membantu jabatan-jabatan dan unit-unit di dalam syarikat tersebut memajukan

program literasi maklumat mereka sendiri.  Ini juga sama bagi agensi-agensi kerajaan di

semua peringkat.

Besar atau kecil, perpustakaan anda mempunyai peranan literasi maklumat.  Tanpa

mengira saiz dan sumber-sumbernya, sesebuah perpustakaan  itu mempunyai peranan

yang penting sebagai sebahagian dari satu program literasi maklumat institusi, jika pun

bukan  pelopor  perubahan LM.  Para pustakawan dan pakar maklumat harus menjadi

penganjur program dan kegiatan literasi maklumat kerana perpustakaan atau pusat

maklumat mereka merupakan:

• Repositori/tempat simpanan pengetahuan

• Simpanan maklumat dalam pelbagai format

• Pusat yang mempunyai para pustakawan yang pakar maklumat

• Jabatan yang mempunyai ruang pembelajaran

• Tempat untuk berinteraksi dengan rakan sebaya dan pasukan pembelajaran

• Ruang untuk sosialisasi pengetahuan

• Tempat yang mempunyai penasihat maklumat/pakar rujukan dan perunding

• Pusat yang mempunyai akses computer, pemerosesan, dan komunikasi pengetahuan

• Gerbang kepada Internet, iaitu satu dunia maklumat

Program dan kurikulum yang disemak semula adalah hanya satu produk berpotensi. 

Program dan kurikulum Literasi Maklumat/Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat yang disemak

semula adalah hanya satu produk berpotensi  atau hasilan dari inisiatif ini.  Sama

pentingnya adalah aspek-aspek literasi maklumat/pembelajaran sepanjang hayat seperti:

• Prinsip

• Dasar

• Program

• Projek rintis

• Model

• Bengkel

• Tutorial

• Sesi sumbang-saran

• Teknik, alatan, kaedah

Pendeknya, terdapat satu kumpulan produk dan hasilan yang mungkin terbit dari usaha

ini.  Pihak pengurusan harus memberikan keutamaan dan bertindak ke atasnya.